Analysis of effects of MBPs at follow-up assessment
k | No of effect sizes | Total n | Intervention effects | Heterogeneity | Publication bias (Egger) | ||||||||
Mean effect size (d) | SE | 95% CI | z | P value | Q value | P value | I2 | t | P value | ||||
Anxiety/stress | 9 | 21 | 9467 | 0.05 | 0.05 | (−0.04 to 0.14) | 1.14 | 0.26 | 23.57 | <0.05 | 44 | 1.52 | 0.16 |
Attention | 5 | 8 | 154 | 0.72 | 0.48 | (−0.22 to 1.66) | 1.49 | 0.14 | 25.13 | <0.01 | 84 | 0.06 | 0.96 |
Depression | 11 | 16 | 14 733 | 0.01 | 0.03 | (−0.04 to 0.07) | 0.39 | 0.70 | 34.26 | <0.01 | 53 | 0.65 | 0.53 |
Executive functions | 9 | 28 | 8549 | 0.28 | 0.15 | (−0.02 to 0.57) | 1.81 | 0.07 | 63.38 | <0.01 | 84 | 1.35 | 0.21 |
Mindfulness | 13 | 47 | 9618 | −0.01 | 0.47 | (−0.11 to 0.08) | −0.28 | 0.78 | 33.67 | <0.05 | 54 | 1.60 | 0.13 |
Negative behaviour | 6 | 11 | 8396 | 0.10 | 0.11 | (−0.12 to 0.32) | 0.86 | 0.39 | 14.72 | <0.05 | 66 | 0.08 | 0.44 |
Social behaviour | 7 | 15 | 8911 | 0.11 | 0.07 | (−0.01 to 0.24) | 1.77 | 0.08 | 34.41 | <0.01 | 68 | 1.78 | 0.09 |
Well-being | 8 | 18 | 12 014 | 0.00 | 0.02 | (−0.04 to 0.03) | 0.02 | 0.99 | 5.72 | 0.984 | 0 | 0.64 | 0.53 |
d, cohen’s d; k, number of studies; MBPs, mindfulness-based programmes; n, number of participants; p, significance level; Q, positive false discovery rate; t, Egger’s regression; z, number of standard deviations from the mean.