Table 2

Analysis of effects of MBPs at follow-up assessment

	k	No of effect sizes	Total n	Intervention effects					Heterogeneity			Publication bias (Egger)
	k	No of effect sizes	Total n	Mean effect size (d)	SE	95% CI	z	P value	Q value	P value	I²	t	P value
Anxiety/stress	9	21	9467	0.05	0.05	(−0.04 to 0.14)	1.14	0.26	23.57	<0.05	44	1.52	0.16
Attention	5	8	154	0.72	0.48	(−0.22 to 1.66)	1.49	0.14	25.13	<0.01	84	0.06	0.96
Depression	11	16	14 733	0.01	0.03	(−0.04 to 0.07)	0.39	0.70	34.26	<0.01	53	0.65	0.53
Executive functions	9	28	8549	0.28	0.15	(−0.02 to 0.57)	1.81	0.07	63.38	<0.01	84	1.35	0.21
Mindfulness	13	47	9618	−0.01	0.47	(−0.11 to 0.08)	−0.28	0.78	33.67	<0.05	54	1.60	0.13
Negative behaviour	6	11	8396	0.10	0.11	(−0.12 to 0.32)	0.86	0.39	14.72	<0.05	66	0.08	0.44
Social behaviour	7	15	8911	0.11	0.07	(−0.01 to 0.24)	1.77	0.08	34.41	<0.01	68	1.78	0.09
Well-being	8	18	12 014	0.00	0.02	(−0.04 to 0.03)	0.02	0.99	5.72	0.984	0	0.64	0.53

d, cohen’s d; k, number of studies; MBPs, mindfulness-based programmes; n, number of participants; p, significance level; Q, positive false discovery rate; t, Egger’s regression; z, number of standard deviations from the mean.