HRs and 95% CIs comparing the risk for ASD in exposed and unexposed children by timing and type of antipsychotic exposure
Number with ASD/N | Person-years at risk | Hazard ratio (95% CI) | |||
Crude | Model 1* | Model 2† | |||
Antipsychotic exposure | |||||
Unexposed | 38436/4 308 620 | 41 982 697 | 1.00 (Reference) | 1.00 (Reference) | 1.00 (Reference) |
Exposed anytime during pregnancy | 238/15 466 | 131 029 | 2.12 (1.86 to 2.41) | 2.11 (1.86 to 2.40) | 1.12 (0.97 to 1.29) |
Timing of antipsychotic exposure | |||||
First trimester only | 105/6478 | 56 420 | 2.14 (1.76 to 2.59) | 1.96 (1.62 to 2.38) | 1.19 (0.97 to 1.44) |
Second/third trimester only | 47/3349 | 28 781 | 1.96 (1.47 to 2.61) | 2.11 (1.58 to 2.80) | 1.11 (0.83 to 1.48) |
First trimester and second/third trimester | 86/5639 | 45 826 | 2.24 (1.80 to 2.78) | 2.35 (1.90 to 2.91) | 1.04 (0.82 to 1.30) |
Type of antipsychotic exposure | |||||
Typical antipsychotics only | 113/6896 | 75 823 | 1.60 (1.33 to 1.93) | 1.66 (1.38 to 2.00) | 1.06 (0.87 to 1.28) |
Atypical antipsychotics only | 110/7752 | 48 166 | 3.09 (2.56 to 3.73) | 2.91 (2.41 to 3.52) | 1.26 (1.03 to 1.54) |
*Adjusted for source country, birth year, sex of child, maternal age, and parity.
†Adjusted for source country, birth year, sex of child, maternal age, parity, maternal education, cohabitation, mother born within source country, BMI, smoking, maternal comorbidity, use of known teratogens, use of suspected teratogens, other medications during pregnancy.
ASD, autism spectrum disorder; BMI, body mass index; CI, confidence interval; HR, hazard ratio.