Maternal and child characteristics by exposure to antipsychotics during pregnancy and maternal diagnosis of psychotic or bipolar disorder
| Full study population | Maternal psychotic or bipolar disorders | |||
| Exposed (n=15 466) | Unexposed (n=4 308 620) | Exposed (n=4385) | Unexposed (n=8356) | |
| Maternal characteristics | n (%) | n (%) | n (%) | n (%) |
| Age at delivery, years | ||||
| <20 | 446 (2.9) | 76 196 (1.8) | 92 (2.1) | 190 (2.3) |
| 20–24 | 2564 (16.6) | 580 868 (13.5) | 655 (14.9) | 1493 (17.9) |
| 25–29 | 4285 (27.7) | 1 367 998 (31.8) | 1141 (26.0) | 2562 (30.7) |
| 30–34 | 4448 (28.8) | 1 447 387 (33.6) | 1283 (29.3) | 2413 (28.9) |
| 35–39 | 2822 (18.2) | 692 412 (16.1) | 903 (20.6) | 1351 (16.2) |
| ≥40 | 901 (5.8) | 143 759 (3.3) | 311 (7.1) | 347 (4.2) |
| Education | ||||
| Compulsory | 3732 (24.1) | 477 050 (11.1) | 1000 (22.8) | 2227 (26.7) |
| Secondary | 3760 (24.3) | 1 305 399 (30.3) | 1053 (24.0) | 2886 (34.5) |
| Postsecondary | 2024 (13.1) | 1 010 008 (23.4) | 469 (10.7) | 1490 (17.8) |
| Postgraduate | 359 (2.3) | 263 335 (6.1) | 92 (2.1) | 276 (3.3) |
| Missing | 5591 (36.2) | 1 252 828 (29.1) | 1771 (40.4) | 1477 (17.7) |
| Cohabiting | ||||
| Yes | 11 133 (72.0) | 3 508 251 (81.4) | 3039 (69.3) | 5963 (71.4) |
| No | 4249 (27.5) | 783 164 (18.2) | 1325 (30.2) | 2365 (28.3) |
| Missing | 84 (0.5) | 17 205 (0.4) | 21 (0.5) | 28 (0.3) |
| Mother born within source country | ||||
| Yes | 12 170 (78.7) | 3 478 423 (80.7) | 3473 (79.2) | 7016 (84.0) |
| No | 2574 (16.6) | 701 117 (16.3) | 675 (15.4) | 1135 (13.6) |
| Missing | 722 (4.7) | 129 080 (3.0) | 237 (5.4) | 205 (2.5) |
| BMI*, early pregnancy | ||||
| <18.5 | 418 (2.7) | 99 837 (2.3) | 94 (2.1) | 261 (3.1) |
| 18.5–24 | 5097 (33.0) | 1 735 832 (40.3) | 1364 (31.1) | 3337 (39.9) |
| 25–29 | 3038 (19.6) | 682 603 (15.8) | 1043 (23.8) | 1743 (20.9) |
| 30–34 | 1525 (9.9) | 246 832 (5.7) | 562 (12.8) | 819 (9.8) |
| ≥35 | 922 (6.0) | 117 031 (2.7) | 387 (8.8) | 476 (5.7) |
| Missing | 4466 (28.9) | 1 426 485 (33.1) | 935 (21.3) | 1720 (20.6) |
| Smoking, early pregnancy | ||||
| Yes | 4600 (29.7) | 475 860 (11.0) | 1515 (34.5) | 2031 (24.3) |
| No | 9310 (60.2) | 3 499 645 (81.2) | 2570 (58.6) | 5782 (69.2) |
| Missing | 1556 (10.1) | 333 115 (7.7) | 300 (6.8) | 543 (6.5) |
| Parity | ||||
| 0 | 7090 (45.8) | 1 850 721 (43.0) | 2235 (51.0) | 4174 (50.0) |
| 1 | 4473 (28.9) | 1 545 695 (35.9) | 1154 (26.3) | 2440 (29.2) |
| ≥2 | 3770 (24.4) | 889 425 (20.6) | 953 (21.7) | 1709 (20.5) |
| Missing | 133 (0.9) | 22 779 (0.5) | 43 (1.0) | 33 (0.4) |
| Maternal comorbidity | ||||
| Yes | 1395 (9.0) | 161 014 (3.7) | 418 (9.5) | 571 (6.8) |
| No | 14 071 (91.0) | 4 147 606 (96.3) | 3967 (90.5) | 7785 (93.2) |
| Maternal psychiatric disorders | ||||
| Psychotic or bipolar disorders | 4385 (28.4) | 8356 (0.2) | 4385 (100.0) | 8356 (100.0) |
| Other psychiatric disorders | 5729 (37.0) | 415 906 (9.6) | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) |
| No recorded psychiatric conditions | 5352 (34.6) | 3 884 358 (90.2) | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) |
| Use of known teratogens | ||||
| Yes | 531 (3.4) | 9503 (0.2) | 291 (6.6) | 250 (3.0) |
| No | 14 935 (96.6) | 4 299 117 (99.8) | 4094 (93.4) | 8106 (97.0) |
| Use of suspected teratogens | ||||
| Yes | 3211 (20.8) | 127 660 (3.0) | 1508 (34.4) | 2675 (32.0) |
| No | 12 255 (79.2) | 4 180 960 (97.0) | 2877 (65.6) | 5681 (68.0) |
| Other medications during pregnancy | ||||
| Yes | 9937 (64.3) | 647 209 (15.0) | 2747 (62.6) | 4171 (49.9) |
| No | 5529 (35.7) | 3 661 411 (85.0) | 1638 (37.4) | 4185 (50.1) |
| Children characteristics | n (%) | n (%) | n (%) | n (%) |
| Sex | ||||
| Male | 7758 (50.2) | 2 211 376 (51.3) | 2289 (52.2) | 4284 (51.3) |
| Female | 7708 (49.8) | 2 097 244 (48.7) | 2096 (47.8) | 4072 (48.7) |
| Calendar year of birth | ||||
| 1996–2005 | 2338 (15.1) | 1 148 146 (26.6) | 600 (13.7) | 764 (9.1) |
| 2006–2008 | 3645 (23.6) | 808 282 (18.8) | 612 (14.0) | 1020 (12.2) |
| 2009–2011 | 3040 (19.7) | 851 673 (19.8) | 1010 (23.0) | 1876 (22.5) |
| 2012–2014 | 3429 (22.2) | 830 200 (19.3) | 1175 (26.8) | 2446 (29.3) |
| 2015–2017 | 3014 (19.5) | 670 319 (15.6) | 988 (22.5) | 2250 (26.9) |
*BMI was not obtained from Denmark.
BMI, body mass index.