Table 2

A review of selected attention-deficit/hyperactivity treatment trials using the Weiss Functional Impairment Rating Scale as an outcome measure

Study	Location	Intervention	Design	Treatment	Endpoint*	Age range (n)†	Measure	Domains with statistically significant improvement
Maziade et al 35	Canada	PHARM	OL	ATX	6 months	6–11 (16)	WFIRS-P	T, F, S, LS, SC
Stein et al 48	USA	PHARM	RCT	ER d-MPH, ER MAS	8 weeks	9–17 (65)	WFIRS-P	T, F, S, Soc, RA
Hantson et al 36	Canada	PSY	OL	Summer treatment programme	3 weeks	6–12 (48)	WFIRS-P	All, large ES
Banaschewski et al 39	Europe	PHARM	RCT	LDX, OROS-MPH, placebo	7 weeks	6–17 (336)	WFIRS-P	All, largest ES in S for LDX
Fuentes et al 49	Europe, Mexico	PHARM	OL, RCT	ATX, OEST	6–12 months	6–16 (399)	WFIRS-P	All
Meisel et al 41	Spain	PSY+PHARM	RCT	Neurofeedback, MPH	5 months or 40 sessions	7–14 (23)	WFIRS-P	T in both groups with large ES
Zavadenko and Suvorinova 50	Russia	PHARM	OL	Hopantenic acid	6–8 months	6–12 (32)	WFIRS-P	All
Banaschewski et al 51	Europe, USA	PHARM	OL, RWP	LDX, placebo	26 weeks OL, 6 weeks RWP	6–17 (153)	WFIRS-P	OL: All, greatest S
Hervas et al 38	Europe, USA, Canada	PHARM	RCT	GXR, ATX, placebo	10–13 weeks	6–17 (338)	WFIRS-P	T, S, F, Soc
Montoya et al 40	Spain	PSY+PHARM	RCT	MPH/ATX+psychoeducation, MPH/ATX	12 months	6–12 (208)	WFIRS-P	No significant differences between groups
Gandía-Benetó et al 52	Spain	PHARM	OL	LDX	9 months	6–18 (41)	WFIRS-S	None
LaCount et al 37	USA	PSY	OL	CBT	20 hours in 10 weeks	18–38 (17)	WFIRS-S	Among completers, S, W (F, Soc, RA were excluded)
Su et al 10	China	PHARM	OL	OROS-MPH	16 weeks	6–16 (205)	WFIRS-P	Symptom remitters greater functional improvement except RA
Stein et al 34	Canada, USA	PHARM	RCT	GXR, placebo	8 weeks	6–12 (333)	WFIRS-P	T, F, S, Soc, RA; change in scores was congruent with symptom improvement
Vidal et al 53	Spain	PSY	RCT	Group CBT, waitlist control	12 sessions	15–21 (119)	WFIRS-S, WFIRS-P	CBT had greater change via the WFIRS-P; at baseline, impairment was greater on WFIRS-S than WFIRS-P
Wilens et al 33	USA	PHARM	RCT	GXR, placebo	13 weeks	13–17 (401)	WFIRS-P	None
Nagy et al 54	Europe, US,A Canada	PHARM	RCT	LDX, ATX	9 weeks	6–17 (267)	WFIRS-P3	LDX>ATX T, S and Soc but all domains improved in both groups
Newcorn et al 55	Europe, USA, Canada	PHARM	OL, RWP	GXR, placebo	13 weeks OL, 26 weeks RWP	6–17 (316)	WFIRS-P	RWP: the placebo group had significant increases S
Dose et al 31	Germany	PSY+PHARM	RCT	TASH+MPH, MPH	12 months	6–12 (103)	WFIRS-S	Among TASH completers, all except S (RA was excluded)
Ni et al 56	Taiwan	PHARM	RCT	MPH, ATX	8–10 weeks	18–50 (63)	WFIRS-S	All
Zavadenko et al 57	Russia	PHARM	RCT	Hopantenic, placebo	4 months	6–12 (89)	WFIRS-P	S, SC

This does not represent a systematic review of all studies. All samples were participants with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD).
*Endpoint is defined as the last visit with valid data.
†Either randomised n or completer n.
ATX, atomoxetine; CBT, cognitive–behavioural therapy; ER d-MPH, extended release dexmethylphenidate; ER MAS, mixed amphetamine salts; ES, effect size; F, Family domain; GXR, guanfacine extended release; LDX, lisdexamfetamine dimesylate; LS, Life Skills; MPH, methylphenidate; OEST, other early standard therapy; OL, open label; OROS-MPH, osmotic release oral-system methylphenidate; PHARM, pharmacological; PSY, psychological; RA, Risky Activities; RCT, randomised controlled trial; RWP, randomised withdrawal period; S, School; SC, Self- Concept; Soc, Social; T, Total score; TASH, telephone-assisted self-help; W, Work; WFIRS-S/P, Weiss Functional Impairment Rating Scale-Self/Parent.