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Q Is new onset depression associated with menopausal transition and hormonal changes within individual women?
METHODS
Design:
Population based within-woman prospective cohort study.
Follow up period:
Eight years.
Setting:
Philadelphia County, Pennsylvania, USA; 1996 to 2004.
People:
231 premenopausal women (age 35–47 years) with normal periods in the past three months, with no history of depression, and no current diagnosis of depression (Primary Care Evaluation of Mental Disorders (PRIME-MD), and Center of Epidemiological Studies Depression Scale (CES-D) score <16). Exclusion criteria: no ovaries; uterus not intact; use of psychotropic or hormonal medication; pregnancy or breast feeding; serious conditions known to affect ovarian function (such as endometrial cancer); or alcohol or drug abuse in the previous year.
Risk factors:
Menopausal status (Stages of Reproductive Aging Workshop criteria; premenopausal (menstrual cycle length 22–35 days) v transition (change of …
Footnotes
For correspondence: Ellen W Freeman, PhD, Department of Obstetrics/Gynecology, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, 3701 Market Street, Suite 820 (Mudd), Philadelphia, USA; freemane{at}mail.med.upenn.edu
Source of funding: National Institutes of Health.
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